Jan 26, · The age difference in cellphone use is in texting. Young adults also use text messaging as their primary method of contacting friends—over 80 percent report texting as their preferred method Jun 25, · As economists Tim Moore and Todd Morris write in a working paper published by the US National Bureau of Economic Research in April, about 3% of all accidents by first-year drivers occurred while carrying multiple passengers between these blogger.com Toulmin Argument. The Toulmin method, developed by philosopher Stephen Toulmin, is essentially a structure for analyzing arguments. But the elements for analysis are so clear and structured that many professors now have students write argumentative essays
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by Richard Holden, The Conversation. Teenage drivers are a risky bunch. They are inexperienced and don't always drive carefully, sometimes with tragic consequences.
In many countries driving fatalities are the leading cause of death among teenagers. The policy question is what to do about it.
One can imagine a number of options, from the light touch such as information campaigns and advertisements to the dramatic such as raising the legal driving age. Many jurisdictions have introduced laws to restrict the driving privileges of younger drivers.
But it's not always easy to tell if such laws are effective. One could look at places that have the laws and compare them to accident statistics from places without such laws.
But this might be misleading, texting while driving research paper. It is possible those laws were introduced in places with a bigger problem. Suppose the laws have reduced driving fatalities, but only to the same level as places with less severe problems in the first place.
With no difference in the teen driving fatality rate between jurisdictions with or without driving restrictions, texting while driving research paper, it could be incorrectly concluded the restrictions have no effect, texting while driving research paper. This is an example of what economists call the "identification problem"—figuring out how to identify the true causal effect of a policy intervention. Texting while driving research paper identify the causal effect, one needs to know the right counterfactual—that is, what would have happened if the policy had not been introduced.
To put it another way, the group affected by the policy needs to be compared with the right control group. This is a big general issue on which economists have been working for decades. In that time many useful techniques have been developed to address the identification problem across the social sciences. The development of this set of tools is what MIT economist Joshua Angrist one of the leading scholars in this endeavor has called " the credibility revolution ".
It's a revolution because we now have ways to credibly identify the causal effect of different policy interventions. That allows us to provide sensible policy prescriptions based on empirical evidence. It even permits scholars to understand the size or "magnitude" of the effects and to undertake careful cost-benefit analysis. In New South Wales introduced a law that banned drivers in their first year of a provisional license from carrying two or more passengers under the age of 21 between 11pm and 5am.
Moore an Australian, now at Purdue University in Indiana and Morris at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy in Germany saw the NSW policy as an ideal opportunity to test the effectiveness of teen-driving restrictions.
They used one of the classic techniques from the identification revolution, known as the " difference-in-differences "—or DID—method. This technique was made famous in academic and policy circles by a path-breaking paper by David Card and Alan Krueger both then economists at Princeton University on how minimum wage laws affect employment.
To put it at its simplest, rather than comparing one group to another or one group before and after a policy changethe DID method involves comparing the changes over time in one group to the changes over time in another.
Moore and Morris calculated changes in the restricted period 11pm—5am then compared those to the changes in accidents during the daytime 8am—8pm. This allowed them to control for other factors affecting crash risks. What they show is striking. That's an effective policy. If you were sitting in an academic seminar hearing these results, you might ask: "OK, but what happens after the first-year restrictions roll off?
Texting while driving research paper, Moore and Morris also find reductions in nighttime multi-passenger crashes in the second and third years. There are no clear differences in the years that follow, but by then crash rates are down to one-fifth of the first-year level. In other words, these restrictions seem to have a persistent effect even after the policy intervention is no longer in place. There is a broader lesson in this.
Policies can have long-run effects, even after the folks targeted by the policy are no longer "being treated. Experiments with small financial rewards for students and texting while driving research paper, for example, have shown improvements in things like attendance and performance continue even after the incentives are discontinued. It is worth looking out for with policies in other areas. In any case, NSW—and Australia more generally—seems to have cracked the case on teen driver safety.
Thanks to Moore and Morris, and their NBER working paper, it's an insight from which the rest of the world can learn. Explore further. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page.
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The content is provided for information purposes only. Beware using telemedicine for voice and speech therapy Jul 30, Jul 30, Related Stories. Cell phone use while driving may be tied to other risky road behaviors in young adults Jun 10, Sep 24, Feb 08, State texting bans are saving teen drivers' lives May 15, Feb 21, Mar 28, Recommended for you. Autonomous vehicles learning to drive by mimicking others Jul 30, Jul 28, Study: New reusable shock absorber shows promise in lab tests Jul 27, Jul 20, Jul 16, User comments, texting while driving research paper.
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Aug 06, · Girls who have met new friends online are more likely to meet them via social media (78% vs. 52% of boys), while boys are substantially more likely to meet new friends while playing games online (57% vs. 13% of girls). Text messaging is a key component of day-to-day friend interactions: 55% of teens spend time every day texting with friends Jan 26, · The age difference in cellphone use is in texting. Young adults also use text messaging as their primary method of contacting friends—over 80 percent report texting as their preferred method In an article published by Pew Research Center, and written by the associate director Kristen Purcell who carries a Ph.D. in Sociology, she states, “The Internet and digital technologies such as social networking sites, cell phones, and texting, generally facilitate teen’s personal expressions and creativity, broadening the audience for
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