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Ten Simple Rules for Writing Research Papers
Citation: Zhang W Ten Simple Rules for Research papers on art Research Papers. PLoS Comput Biol 10 1 : e Editor: Philip E. Bourne, University of California San Diego, United States of America.
Copyright: © Weixiong Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist. The importance of writing well can never be overstated for a successful professional career, and the ability to write solid papers is an essential trait of a productive researcher. Writing and publishing a paper has its own life cycle; properly following a course of action and avoiding missteps can be vital to the overall success not only of a paper but of the underlying research as well.
Here, we offer ten simple rules for writing and publishing research papers. As a caveat, this essay is not about the mechanics of composing a paper, much of which has been covered elsewhere, e. Rather, it is about the principles and attitude that can help guide the process of writing in particular and research in general. In this regard, research papers on art, some of the discussion will complement, extend, and refine some advice given in early articles of this Ten Simple Rules series of PLOS Computational Biology [3] — [8].
Never separate writing a paper from the underlying research, research papers on art. After all, writing and research are integral parts of the overall enterprise. Therefore, design a project with an ultimate research papers on art firmly in mind. Include an outline of the paper in the initial project design documents to help form the research objectives, determine the logical flow of the experiments, and organize the materials and data to be used. Furthermore, use writing as a tool to reassess the overall project, reevaluate the logic of the experiments, and examine the validity of the results during the research.
As a result, the overall research may need to be adjusted, the project design may be revised, new methods may be devised, and new data may be collected.
The process of research and writing may be repeated if necessary. It is often the case that more than one hypothesis or objective may be tackled in one project. It is also not uncommon that the data and results gathered for one objective can serve additional purposes. A decision on having one or more papers needs to be made, and the decision will be affected by various factors. Regardless of the validity of these factors, the overriding consideration must be the potential impact that the paper may have on the research subject and field.
Therefore, the significance, completeness, and coherence of the results presented as a whole should be the principal guide for selecting the story to tell, the hypothesis to focus upon, and materials to include in the paper, as well as the yardstick for measuring the quality of the paper.
By this metric, less is morei. Deciding on an angle of the story to focus upon is the next hurdle to jump at the initial stage of the writing. The results from a computational study of a biological problem can often be presented to biologists, computational scientists, or both; deciding what story to tell and from what angle research papers on art pitch the main idea is important. This issue translates to choosing a target audience, as well as an appropriate journal, to cast the main messages to.
This is critical for determining the organization of the paper and the level of detail of the story, so as to write the paper with the audience in research papers on art. Indeed, writing a paper for biologists in general is different from writing for specialists in computational biology. The experiments and results, therefore, must be presented in a logical order.
In order to make the writing an easy process to follow, this logical flow should be determined before any other writing strategy or tactic is exercised.
This logical order can also help you avoid discussing the same issue or presenting the same argument in multiple places in the paper, which may dilute the readers' attention. An effective tactic to help develop a sound logical flow is to imaginatively create a set of figures and tables, which will ultimately be developed from experimental results, and order them in a logical way based on the information flow through the experiments.
In other words, the figures and tables alone can tell the story without consulting additional material. If all or some of these figures and tables are included in the final manuscript, make every effort to make them self-contained see Rule 5 belowa favorable feature for the paper to have, research papers on art. In addition, these figures and tables, as well research papers on art the threading logical flow, may be used to direct or organize research activities, reinforcing Rule 1, research papers on art.
Completeness is a cornerstone for a research paper, following Rule 2. This cornerstone needs to be set in both content and presentation. First, important and relevant aspects of a hypothesis pursued in the research should be discussed with detailed supporting data, research papers on art.
If the page limit is an issue, focus on one or two research papers on art aspects with sufficient details in the main text and leave the rest to online supporting materials. As a reminder, be sure to keep the details of all experiments e, research papers on art. Second, don't simply state what results are presented in figures and tables, which makes the writing repetitive because they are self-contained see belowbut rather, interpret them with insights to the underlying story to be told typically in the results section research papers on art discuss their implication typically in the discussion section.
Third, make the whole paper self-contained. Introduce an adequate amount of background and introductory material for the right audience following Rule 3. A statistical test, e. When an uncommon term is used, give a definition besides a reference to it. If such results need to be discussed, make them explicit even though they may be readily derived from other data. Fifth, figures and tables are essential components of a paper, each of which must be included for a good reason; make each of them self-contained with all required information clearly specified in the legend to guide interpretation of the data presented.
This is a caveat to Rule 5 and is singled out to emphasize its importance. Being thorough is not a license to writing that is unnecessarily descriptive, repetitive, or lengthy.
Overly elaborate writing is distracting and boring and places a burden on the readers. In contrast, the delivery of a message is more rigorous if the writing is precise and concise.
One excellent example is Watson and Crick's Nobel-Prize-winning paper on the DNA double helix structure [11] —it is only two pages long! A complete draft of a paper requires a lot of work, so it pays to go the extra mile to polish it to facilitate enjoyable reading. A paper presented as a piece of art will give referees a positive initial impression of your passion toward the research and the quality of the work, research papers on art, which will work in your favor in the reviewing process.
Have an authoritative dictionary with a thesaurus and a style manual, e. Also pay attention to small details in presentation, such as paragraph indentation, page margins, and fonts. If you are not a native speaker of the language the paper is written in, research papers on art, make sure to have a native speaker go over the final draft to ensure correctness and accuracy of the language used.
A complete manuscript typically requires many rounds of revision. Taking a correct attitude during revision is critical to the resolution of most problems in the writing.
Be objective and honest about your work and do not exaggerate or belittle the significance of the results and the elegance of the methods developed. After working long and hard, you are an expert on the problem you studied, and you are the best referee of your own work, after all. Therefore, inspect the research and the paper in the context of the state of the art.
When revising a draft, purge yourself out of the picture and leave your passion for your work aside. To be concrete, put yourself completely in the shoes of a referee and scrutinize all the research papers on art significance of the work, the logic of the story, the correctness of the results and conclusions, research papers on art, the organization of the paper, and the presentation of the materials.
In practice, you may put a draft aside for a day or two—try to forget about it completely—and then come back to it fresh, consider it as if it were someone else's writing, and read it through while trying to poke holes in the story and writing.
In this process, extract the meaning literally from the language as written and do not try to use your own view to interpret or extrapolate from what was research papers on art. This can be painful, but the final manuscript will be more logically sound and better organized. It is wise to anticipate the possible questions and critiques the referees may raise and preemptively address their concerns before submission.
To do so, collect feedback and critiques from others, research papers on art, e. Discuss your work with them and get their opinions, suggestions, and comments. A talk at a lab meeting or a departmental seminar will also help rectify potential issues that need to be addressed.
If you are a graduate student, running the paper and results through the thesis committee may be effective to iron out possible problems. When a submission is rejected or poorly reviewed, don't be offended research papers on art don't take it personally. Be aware that the referees spent their time on the paper, which they might have otherwise devoted to their own research, so they are doing you a favor and helping you shape the paper to be more accessible to the targeted audience.
Therefore, consider the referees as your collaborators and treat the reviews research papers on art respect. This attitude can improve the quality of your paper and research. Read and examine the reviews objectively—the principles set in Rule 8 apply here as well. Often a criticism was raised because one of the aspects of a hypothesis was not adequately studied, or an important result from previous research was not mentioned or not consistent with yours.
If a critique is about the robustness of a method research papers on art or the validity of a result, often the research needs to be redone or more data need to be collected. If you believe the referee has misunderstood a particular point, research papers on art, check the writing. It is often the case that improper wording or presentation misled the referee. If that's the case, revise the writing thoroughly.
Don't argue without supporting data. Don't submit the paper elsewhere without additional work. This can only temporally mitigate the issue, you will not be happy with the paper in the long run, and this may hurt your reputation. Finally, keep in mind that writing is personal, and it takes a lot of practice to find one's style. What works and what does not work vary from person to person.
Undoubtedly, dedicated practice will help produce stronger papers with long-lasting impact, research papers on art. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments 0. Bourne, University of California San Diego, United States of America Published: January 30, Copyright: © Weixiong Zhang. Funding: The author received no specific funding for this article.
Rule 1: Make It a Driving Force Never separate writing a paper from the underlying research. Rule 2: Less Is More It is often the case that more than one hypothesis or objective may be tackled in one project. Rule 3: Pick the Right Audience Deciding on an angle of the story to focus upon is the next hurdle to jump at the initial stage of the writing.
Rule 5: Be Thorough and Make It Complete Completeness is a cornerstone for a research paper, following Rule 2. Rule 6: Be Concise This is a caveat to Rule 5 and is singled out to emphasize its importance.
How to write an IMAGE ANALYSIS and ARTIST RESEARCH PAGE- EXAMPLES from my A* SKETCHBOOK
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A good way to overcome this feeling is to use paper or essay samples as your writing guide. We understand the predicaments of many students when required to write papers. Our goal is to make completing academic writing tasks easy. We offer free examples of essays and research papers that students can use at all academic levels Browse State-of-the-Art 5, benchmarks 2, tasks 51, papers with code. Subscribe to the PwC Newsletter ×. Stay informed on the latest trending ML papers with code, research developments, libraries, methods, and datasets. Read previous issues. Subscribe. Join the community Submitted papers will be assessed in line with SAMPJ’s objectives, originality, their amalgamation of related literature, methodology, and relevance to accounting and management practice and policy. Predominantly papers will be selected based on their contributions to advancing understanding of the sustainability research field
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