Sep 17, · Mental Disorder Research Paper. Topics: Mental disorder, Abnormal psychology, Illness Pages: 4 ( words) Published: September 17, Jacob Shatarang. 5/22/ Mental stability or mental health is the way humans react to, think about, and feel about what goes on in their everyday lives. It is a psychosomatic and emotional state of being This research paper has four pervasive themes: (1) the interaction of the sociology of mental health and disorder with psychology, psychiatry, public health, and medicine; (2) the environmental perspective, which is the major contribution of the sociology to the mix of disciplines examining mental health in society; (3) the relationship between the study of mental health and studies of mental disorder; and The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) supports a diverse array of mental health research projects that examine these and other issues. Topics of recently funded projects range from mental comorbidity and chronic illness, feedback systems to improve evidence-based therapies for children with mental disorders, and the
Research Paper on Mental Illness | blogger.com
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More, research paper mental disorders. The nature of mental illness has been the subject of passionate discussion throughout history. The substantial progress accomplished in genomics and brain imaging in the last few decades made biological psychiatry stronger than ever and contributed to the reification of mental disorders as illnesses of the brain.
The almost exclusively biogenetic conceptual framework for understanding mental illness has acquired a hegemony that has influenced mental health practitioners while also influencing campaigns designed to improve public attitudes toward the mentally ill. This view of mental illness is presented for better acceptance of the mentally ill by the public and of treatment by those experiencing mental illness and is indeed based on accumulated, albeit limited, knowledge in the neurobiology of mental disorders.
However, anything that reaches axiomatic proportions needs a serious examination. In this editorial we examine the reasons underlying this perspective, its consequences and the evidence to support or refute its continued justification.
We then present a position that we believe best fits the current state of knowledge and is closest to clinical realities and public perceptions of mental illnesses, research paper mental disorders.
The purpose of this article is not to present a philosophical or ideological argument in favour of or against a biological basis explaining mental illness, but rather to examine the clinical and public utility of presenting a dominant neurobiological model of mental illness to patients, their families and the public at large.
To understand the justification of equating mental and medical disorders, a comparison often made between type 2 diabetes and mental disorders, especially schizophrenia, other psychoses and depression, is worth examining in some detail, research paper mental disorders. Diabetes, although very complex, is understood as the result of dysfunctional glucose metabolism related to absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin signalling.
This dysfunctional metabolism is research paper mental disorders consequence of endogenous predispositions, such as hereditary diathesis, research paper mental disorders, and environmental factors, including personal choices, such as poor diet and sedentary life style. Therefore, by improving glucose metabolism, either through medication, research paper mental disorders, insulin replacement or changes in lifestyle, positive health outcomes can be expected.
Diabetes is diagnosed by confirming research paper mental disorders levels of fasting glucose and other related biochemical markers of glucose metabolism. Further, the cascade of its effects on other systems e.
All through this, research paper mental disorders, however, the patient is aware of the nature of his or her problems, including personal choices, and diabetes generally does not affect his or her day-today thinking, behaviour or perception. Except for mental health complications due to neurologic illnesses e.
This is seen to an extreme degree with more serious mental disorders, such as psychoses and bipolar disorders, but to a lesser albeit significant degree with anxiety, mood, eating and other psychiatric disorders. The precise definition of what constitutes the self and whether the location of a state of self is a material reality in the brain, its form and the brain-related factors that influence it are deeply philosophical issues, 67 but not the subject of this editorial.
Suffice it to say that factors research paper mental disorders in increasing the risk for mental disorders are endogenous genetics is recognized as a major contributor to most mental disorders as well as environmental, much like most research paper mental disorders disorders. Psychological deprivation and trauma, social defeat and isolation, poverty and poor family environment are but some of the environmental factors that have been reported to increase the risk for mental disorders.
As a first corollary of this definition, contrary to medical conditions where restoring dysfunctional physiologic mechanisms is the main target of therapeutic interventions, research paper mental disorders, this is only 1 part of the therapeutic interventions for mental disorders.
The primary focus of therapeutic interventions in mental disorders is helping the patient to feel better and interact more adaptively with his or her social and physical environments. Different models of psychological and social interventions are the main ingredients for these desired changes in the self, research paper mental disorders. A second corollary of this definition is the fact that mental health is very laden with values, research paper mental disorders, not because scientific factors are lacking, research paper mental disorders, but because values become of the utmost importance — more so than for medical disorders — when we deal with research paper mental disorders self and its restoration.
While somatic illnesses such as diabetes are primarily defined and shaped by biologically discernible facts, values do play a certain role but do not define the disorder. Societal and personal values are important in the treatment of most medical disorders, but acquire paramount importance in the case of mental disorders. Societal and cultural values even define variations in diagnoses over time and across geographic locations.
Compulsory treatments, a particularity research paper mental disorders the mental health field, are a strong testimony of how mental health can interfere with the self and how the research paper mental disorders values of the patient can clash with the societal values, thus necessitating legal, value-laden mitigation.
Advances in neurosciences have surely given us much better biological mechanistic explanations of many of the uniquely human cognitive, emotional and conative functions, such as memory, thinking, perception, mood and action. This knowledge has informed us that many mental illnesses derive their vulnerability from underlying biological variations. However, we are far from being able to explain in neurobiological terms many of the behaviours and experiences that constitute the core presentations of mental disorders.
Even if neurobiology one day were to provide better explanations of the workings of the brain, more elaborately explain the role of genes in increasing the risk for mental illness and the mechanisms behind complex human behaviour, one would still need to understand the experiences of patients with different forms of mental illness in psychological terms, as recently described by Kendler 9 so eloquently. Indeed, it is research paper mental disorders that putting mental illness on the same footing as medical illness, society will understand it better and not react negatively toward those with mental illnesses.
One needs to ask the pragmatic question of whether the strategy of using a biogenetic model of mental illness and equating it with medical illness has actually helped. There are 2 areas worthy of examination in this regard.
As indicated previously, implicit in the axiomatic statement is a primarily biological origin of the behaviour and suffering that characterize mental illness. Let us examine the evidence in this regard. In the last decade or 2, biogenetic attribution of all mental disorders, having acquired a hegemoneous status 10 has been used primarily to inform campaigns for reducing stigma and promoting better acceptance of mental illness and the people with mental illnesses by society.
Investigations of stigma have shown that those who consider mental disorders as primarily attributable to biological forces, just like other medical disorders, while absolving the mentally ill person of responsibility for their behaviour and actions, tend to feel less optimistic about their ability to get better and function well, are less accepting of them and feel less positively toward them.
There is also evidence to suggest that biogenetic explanatory models may have negative consequences for those with mental illness in terms of their implicit self concept and explicit attitudes, such as fear. For example, a recent study showed that over a year period of deliberate use of the biogenetic explanatory model for campaigning to reduce stigma has resulted in worsening of most, if not all, aspects of public attitudes toward individuals with mental illnesses, research paper mental disorders.
It is acknowledged research paper mental disorders these relatively negative attitudes may be particularly stronger in relation to certain forms of mental illness e. Another domain — perhaps the most important — of examination is the individual with mental illness.
In clinical practice, telling patients that their presenting mental illness is like any other medical illness may initially reassure some and assist them in accepting to take medication, especially during the distressing acute phases of a serious mental disorder. They or their families may welcome a simple explanation for encouraging them to accept treatment, which in many cases includes medication.
While this strategy can achieve something very important in acute crisis-like situations, it may become problematic, if persistent over time, in getting individuals to accept research paper mental disorders highly effective psychological and social treatments. These latter interventions are highly effective and considerably less noxious than often less effective medications for some forms of mental illness, such as mild to moderate depression, anxiety and eating disorders, and emotional dysregulation associated with several research paper mental disorders mental illnesses.
Even in the most serious mental disorders, research paper mental disorders as psychotic, bipolar and severe major depressive disorders, where medications are invariably an essential part of treatment, psychological and social therapeutic interventions are the essential bridge between pharmacological interventions during the acute crises and the need for their sustained use in the long term while at the same time achieving the essential goals of relief of internal distress, restoration of self and a return to productive social and working lives.
Furthermore, presenting mental illness as any other medical illness often implies a medical treatment medication in most cases as the dominant treatment strategy.
This may prevent the cycle of research paper mental disorders and decline in the course that follows, research paper mental disorders. In clinical practice, if we are to take seriously the multidimensional goals of providing mental health services, as articulated by those seeking and receiving help for mental illness, clinicians have to work within research paper mental disorders attributional model that makes sense to the person receiving service, that can be supported by sound argument and evidence and that provides a framework within which those receiving service and those providing it can share a common language.
Such a framework will need to include the biogenetic model of attribution of mental illness as 1 of several parallel and equally authentic social, psychological, environmental and cultural models offered by service providers and researchers acquired knowledge as well as those who experience mental illness experiential knowledge. Denying the special nature of mental illness is unlikely to achieve these important goals.
Some recent developments, such as the promotion of a recovery model 21 — 23 and the early intervention movement, 2425 may hold more promise in improving both the quality of care and possibly involvement of and improvement in public attitudes. The former has emerged from research paper mental disorders knowledge and advocacy from service users, supported later by sound qualitative research, whereas the latter has emerged from a combination of a shift in philosophy of delivery of care on the part research paper mental disorders service providers, parallel generation of evidence of its effectiveness 2627 and greater acceptance by service users and their families, who have now joined the movement as advocates.
A third emerging movement, the concept of positive mental health, 2829 may prove to be effective in combating the negative image of mental illness. This movement promotes and is based on human resilience and positive aspects of the experience of mental illness.
There is a burgeoning literature emerging in this field, which may balance the rather deterministic, deficit oriented and largely pessimistic miasma created by using an exclusively biogenetic model to explain mental disorders.
Our dialogue should incorporate the general complexity of human thinking, behaviour, memories and the idea of self and consciousness, including knowledge emerging from sophisticated biogenetic and social science research while attending to the specific complexities that each of us as human beings carry as part of our life stories.
That is true for those receiving and those providing services. We therefore argue that we should continue to have a social and a professional conversation where we find a proper place for neurobiology, social, cultural and environmental forces, personal histories and the uniqueness of each individual when trying to understand, explain and treat mental disorders while avoiding a simplistic reductionism that may be perceived at best as patronizing but ultimately harmful, even though the intentions may be noble.
These campaigns need to be informed not only by the acquired knowledge of service providers and scientists but equally by the experiential knowledge from service users and their families, taking into consideration new knowledge emerging from fields of recovery, early intervention and positive mental health. For clinicians, it would be equally important to embrace explanatory models of mental illness that are based on evidence in science and to include biogenetic, social and cultural models as well as those told to them by the very people they are trying to serve.
Competing interests: See jpn. ca for R. None declared by A. Malla or A. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. National Library of Medicine Rockville PikeBethesda MDUSA.
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Journal List J Psychiatry Neurosci v. J Psychiatry Neurosci. doi: PMCID: PMC Ashok MallaMBBS, MRCPsych, Ridha JooberMD, PhD, and Amparo GarciaMA, MPPPA. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. From the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que, Canada Malla, Joober and the Centre research paper mental disorders Services Santé et Sociaux, Laval, Que. Correspondence to: A, research paper mental disorders. Malla, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que.
lligcm allam. Copyright © Canada Inc. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. What does the statement actually imply? Neurobiology and experience of mental illness Advances in neurosciences have surely given us much better biological mechanistic explanations of many of the uniquely human cognitive, emotional and conative functions, such as memory, thinking, perception, mood and action. Mental illness and the utility of explanatory models Indeed, it is envisaged that putting mental illness on the same footing as medical illness, society will understand it better and not react negatively toward those with mental illnesses.
Explanatory models of mental illness and the mentally ill person Another domain — perhaps the most important — of examination is the individual with mental illness, research paper mental disorders.
What needs to be done? References 1. Grube G. Greek medicine and the Greek genius. Kenny A. The anatomy of the soul: historical essays in the philosophy of mind. Blackwell; Lloyd Research paper mental disorders, Chadwick J, Mann WN. Hippocratic writings.
10 Common Mental Illnesses Crash Course
, time: 13:47Research Paper On Mental Illness - Words | Bartleby
This research paper has four pervasive themes: (1) the interaction of the sociology of mental health and disorder with psychology, psychiatry, public health, and medicine; (2) the environmental perspective, which is the major contribution of the sociology to the mix of disciplines examining mental health in society; (3) the relationship between the study of mental health and studies of mental disorder; and Sep 17, · Mental Disorder Research Paper. Topics: Mental disorder, Abnormal psychology, Illness Pages: 4 ( words) Published: September 17, Jacob Shatarang. 5/22/ Mental stability or mental health is the way humans react to, think about, and feel about what goes on in their everyday lives. It is a psychosomatic and emotional state of being Apr 02, · Mental illnesses are not due to any variety of brain damages. Although they are like physical illnesses such as lung cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, people with mental disorders are not treated the same as those with a physical illness. A variety of mental disorders such as bipolar disorder have the ability to run in families
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