Aug 31, · The University of Utah on Instagram: “Since Arts Bash can Get high-quality papers at affordable prices. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality Components of Chapter 2 Discussion of theoretical or conceptual framework of study Synthesis of up-to-date research findings Discussion of the role of current research (replication, variation, etc.) and role of independent variables Review of strengths and weaknesses of prior studies Critique of literature in light of any controversial
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For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here. Acknowledgements in scientific articles can be described as miscellaneous, their content ranging from pre-formulated financial disclosure statements to personal testimonies of gratitude.
To improve understanding of the context and various uses of expressions found in acknowledgements, this study analyses their content qualitatively.
The most frequent noun phrases from a Web of Science acknowledgements corpus were analysed to generate 13 categories. When 3, acknowledgement sentences were manually coded into the categories, three distinct axes emerged: the contributions, the disclaimers, and the authorial voice.
Acknowledgements constitute a space where authors can detail the division of labour within collaborators of a research project. Results also show the importance of disclaimers as part of the current scholarly communication apparatus, an aspect which was not highlighted by previous analyses and typologies of acknowledgements, dissertation editors nova southeastern.
Alongside formal disclaimers and acknowledgements of various contributions, there seems to remain a need for a more personal space where the authors can speak for themselves, in their own name, dissertation editors nova southeastern, on matters they judge worth mentioning. Citation: Paul-Hus A, Desrochers N Acknowledgements are not just thank you notes: A qualitative analysis of acknowledgements content in scientific articles and reviews published in PLoS ONE 14 12 : e Received: July 12, ; Accepted: November 24, ; Published: December 19, Copyright: © Paul-Hus, Desrochers.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Dissertation editors nova southeastern Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Restrictions apply to the availability of the acknowledgement data, which is used under license from Clarivate Analytics.
References for the acknowledgement excerpts used are available in S1 Table. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Publisher's Note: The article involves the independent analysis of data from publications in PLOS ONE. PLOS ONE staff had no knowledge or involvement in the study design, funding, execution or manuscript preparation.
The evaluation and editorial decision for this manuscript have been managed by an Academic Editor independent of PLOS ONE staff, per our standard editorial process.
The findings and conclusions reported in this article are strictly those of the author s, dissertation editors nova southeastern. The idea of using acknowledgements dissertation editors nova southeastern a source for bibliometric indicators has been surrounding their study since the s. InCronin and Weaver were encouraging the development of an Acknowledgement Index, dissertation editors nova southeastern, based on the model of the Science Citation Index [ 2 ].
For their part, dissertation editors nova southeastern, Díaz-Faes and Bordons [ 4 ] highlighted that the inclusion of acknowledgement information in the Web of Science WoS was offering new avenues to study collaboration in science, going beyond traditional bibliometric indicators.
McCain [ 5 ] went further and assessed the feasibility of a formal Personal Acknowledgements Index. At the same time, many studies have used funding-related indicators based on acknowledgement data e.
In fact, acknowledgement studies can no longer be separated from the financial aspect of scientific research. InWoS started to collect and index funding sources found in the acknowledgements of scientific papers. Since then, large-scale acknowledgement data have been used as a bibliometric tool to follow the money trail of research and funding-related analyses have become a dominant trend in recent acknowledgement literature [ 7 ].
To this day, acknowledgements have been more closely related to funding indicators than to any other kind of scientific credit indicators. The literature also underlines the elusive nature of acknowledgements, pointing to their form and tone, which have been described as sometimes flowery, dissertation editors nova southeastern, personal, and even manipulative:.
Furthermore, several studies mention the lack of standardization of acknowledgements as one important limitation hindering their analyses:. Acknowledgements may thus contain formally required statements of gratitude but have also been used as personal spaces of authorial expression, dissertation editors nova southeastern, and as such, acknowledgement texts have been analysed as a genre per se.
Several discourse and linguistic analyses have studied acknowledgements found in dissertations, theses, monographies, and research articles e. Acknowledgements analyses have also led to numerous typologies or classifications of the contributions acknowledged in scientific publications.
Twenty years later, McCain [ 14 ] offered a finer typology of acknowledgements, using five categories: access to research-related informationaccess to unpublished results and datapeer interactive communicationtechnical assistanceand manuscript preparation. Subsequent versions of this typology—developed with different collaborators through the years namely McKenzie, Rubio and Weaver -Wozniak —include the peer interactive communication category borrowed from McCain [ 14 ] alongside moral supportaccess to resources, materials and infrastructureclerical supporttechnical supportand financial support [ 222 — 24 ].
More recently, Giles and Councill [ 31 ] used natural language processing to extract named entities from more thanacknowledgements published in computer science research papers. In their content analysis, the most frequently acknowledged entities are classified into four categories: funding agenciescorporationsuniversities and individuals.
Other studies have analysed the content of acknowledgements focusing on funding bodies and classifying them by sectors and subsectors e. Finally, dissertation editors nova southeastern, linguistic studies have also used classifications of acknowledgements, focusing on the structure and patterns of dissertation acknowledgement texts e.
Typologies and classifications aim to describe and categorize the content of acknowledgements in a synthetic manner. However, these taxonomies are based on small-scale samples of acknowledgements, the only exception being the work of Giles and Councill [ 31 ] which focused solely on named entities. More recently, a large-scale multidisciplinary analysis of acknowledgement texts was published by the authors and collaborators in PLOS One [ 44 ]. This analysis dissertation editors nova southeastern acknowledgements from more than one million articles and reviews published inhighlighted important variations in the practices of acknowledging.
Focusing on the most frequent noun phrases of that corpus, the study showed that acknowledgement practices truly do vary across disciplines. Noun phrases referring to technical support appeared more frequently in natural sciences while noun phrases related to peers colleagues, editors and reviewers were more frequent in earth and space, professional fields, and social sciences.
Noun phrases referring to logistics and fieldwork-related tasks appeared prominently in biology. Pre-formulated statements used in the context of conflict of interest or responsibility disclosures were more frequently found in acknowledgements from clinical medicine, health, dissertation editors nova southeastern, and psychology.
However, this analysis also led to further questions concerning the interpretation of these noun phrases in their original context.
Findings from this study showed that acknowledgements are not limited to credit attribution and that the numerous taxonomies and classifications found in the literature do not account for the current acknowledgement practices where pre-formulated statements of financial assistance and conflict of interest disclosures appear to be frequent [ 44 ], dissertation editors nova southeastern.
Conclusions from this study raise further questions because these pre-formulated statements could have an influence on large-scale analyses that use automated linguistic methods, thus calling for a qualitative analysis of acknowledgements in the context of their use.
To improve understanding of the context and various uses of expressions found in acknowledgements, this study proposes to analyse their content qualitatively. More specifically, this study aims at answering the following research questions:. It bears repeating that acknowledgments are collected and indexed by WoS only if they include funding source information [ 45 ].
The full text of acknowledgements from all articles and reviews indexed in the SCI-E and the SSCI were extracted. The original corpus includes a dissertation editors nova southeastern of 1, acknowledgements for as many papers.
In a previous analysis, we identified the most frequent noun phrases of that corpus of acknowledgement using natural language processing [ 44 ]. For the purpose the present qualitative analysis, these noun phrases were reduced to single words e. Each single word could therefore be found in context, no matter its proximity to other dissertation editors nova southeastern words; this offered us the possibility to code various types of occurrences of each word, whether it was part of a noun phrase or not.
The coding was done in two steps, dissertation editors nova southeastern. First, an initial codebook was established inductively by one researcher to classify each of the words and revised by a second researcher. Special attention was given to the words frequently used dissertation editors nova southeastern those statements e.
analysis, collection, design, preparation. Sampling decisions were also oriented towards potential polysemous words which could lead to different contextual meanings e. The 20 words of the final sample were coded within the context of their original sentences, extracted from acknowledgements.
Words were thus used as a seed to refer back to full acknowledgement sentences. The coding process entails data reduction where the many meanings of a sentence must be reduced or summarized under one main category [ 50 ] in order to reflect a practice or a phenomenon on a humanly manageable dissertation editors nova southeastern. Therefore, acknowledgements were stratified by discipline to reflect potentially different disciplinary uses of a word.
Coding was then performed on this sample of 20 words within their original acknowledgement contexts, using the sentence as the unit of analysis and adapting the codebook in an iterative manner as finer meanings emerged.
The final codebook is composed of 13 categories, presented in Table 1, dissertation editors nova southeastern. Each word of the dissertation editors nova southeastern was coded in a minimum of 15 original sentences per discipline, for dissertation editors nova southeastern 12 disciplines, resulting in a total of 3, sentences coded. The results of the coding process are summarized in Table 2 which presents, for each word of the sample, the percentage of all the occurrences attributed to a specific category.
The analysis reveals the importance of three distinct axes: the contributions, the disclaimers, and the authorial voice, dissertation editors nova southeastern. Moreover, disciplinary patterns bring another layer of analysis as divergent uses of the coded words emerge. We thank Fan-Chi Lin for providing FTAN measurements for comparison, and Anna Foster, Jiayi Xie and Goran Ekstrom for informative discussion. and V. P were involved in writing the manuscript.
G and Y. The categories peer communication, investigation and analysis, materials and resources, and writing refer to specific types of contribution to research. Acknowledgements are not necessarily thank-you dissertation editors nova southeastern or recognition of responsibility. Non-responsibility statements of funding bodies are the most frequent disclaimers. In many cases, the disciplinary stratification provided a further level of analysis.
Watmough and K. Finder for assistance with field sampling at Dorset, and A, dissertation editors nova southeastern. Karaboga and Dr. For all the remaining disciplines chemistry, health, psychology, and social sciencesdissertation editors nova southeastern, both categories peer communication and dissemination appear frequently.
Dissertation editors nova southeastern details of contributions and various disclaimers represent a substantive share of their content, acknowledgements also constitute a space for personal testimony. In fact, the authorial voice cannot be reduced to a single category, because it pervades the acknowledgements whether the authors speak in the first or third persons:.
Alongside formal disclaimers and acknowledgements of various contributions, authors seem to require a more personal space where they can speak for themselves, in their own name, on matters they judge worth mentioning.
However, the acknowledgement section is not a mandatory part of a scientific article and its content could certainly be described as miscellaneous, ranging from pre-formulated financial disclosure statements to personal testimonies of gratitude. Typologies and classifications of acknowledgements have been a consistent topic in the acknowledgement literature [ 7 ]. This qualitative analysis of acknowledgement content confirms the importance of the contributions axis: acknowledgements are indeed still a space where authors can detail the division of labour within all collaborators of a research project.
Our findings also reveal the importance of disclaimers as part of the current scholarly communication apparatus, an aspect which was not highlighted by previous analyses and typologies. It should be noted that our analysis was restricted to a corpus of single words, sampled from noun phrases identified by correspondence analysis [ 44 ].
Furthermore, our coding of acknowledgement sentences was done using mutually exclusive dissertation editors nova southeastern, an epistemological choice. Given the fact that sentences can perform more than one kind of action, another avenue would be to use open coding and place occurrences in non-exclusive, mutually complementary categories.
Our qualitative results show that caution should be used when working with acknowledgement data. Large-scale acknowledgement data are limited to funded research, given that in the two main bibliographic databases, Web of Science and Scopus, acknowledgements are collected with the intended objective of identifying funding sponsors and tracking funded research [ 5455 ].
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