Jul 18, · The financial aid statement is a simple, short piece of writing that students may include on a financial aid letter, in an essay, or in other communications to a financial aid department. The financial aid statement may not be a full communication on its own, but rather an element of a more complex financial aid appeal Jan 31, · Public Health And War We commend to you that marvel of all ages - the greatest device that came from man's ingenuity - the cinema - the long sought visual-form of communication-the perfect form for teaching and the only qualitative gain to communication since the alphabet was evolved Jul 27, · Opposition to racism used to be a political stance. Now it has every marking of a religion, with both good and deleterious effects on American society
Public Health and War
NLM Customer Support. Public health and war have long been close companions, and maybe strange bedfellows. Starting with the Crimean War, civic responsibility essay, and then the first terrible round of "modern wars" -- the American Civil War, the Franco-Prussian War and World War I -- military officials and civilian leaders called on health professionals and volunteers to help mobilize and protect military forces and civilian populations.
Health professionals and volunteers, in turn, civic responsibility essay, viewed war as an opportunity to test and implement their theories, as an opportunity to use newly discovered knowledge and newly invented technologies -- and eagerly jumped on war bandwagons to advance their professional, scientific, political and ideological goals.
Not surprisingly then, public health and military establishments have come to share a common vocabulary campaigns, mobilizations, officers, enemies, containments, crusades, civic responsibility essay, surveillance, evacuation, battles, wars, victories, tactics, strategies, logistics civic responsibility essay, a common obsession with scientific and technological innovation, and a common organizational model: the disciplined, deployable, hierarchical service; command and control.
The synergistic relationship between health professionals and the military especially flourished during the most massive conflict of all: World War II. In the era of total war, the mobilization of science and technology on behalf of the war effort famously bore fruit in the development of antibiotics, radar, and the atomic bomb. But the war also invigorated and shaped a variety of technological approaches to public health - the development of chemical pesticides to kill mosquitoes and other insect disease vectors, the expansion of electronic communication networks for public health surveillance, and the production of public health films aimed at mass audiences of military personnel and civilians.
The use of film to educate and mobilize the public for health purposes was not new. Interest in the educational possibilities of motion pictures began practically with the invention of the technology. But the medium of film inspired larger visions. In Thomas Edison prophesied that the motion picture would "wipe out narrow-minded prejudices which are founded on ignorance, create a feeling of sympathy and a desire to help the down-trodden people of the earth, and give new ideals to be followed.
in "The Moving Picture and the National Character," The American Review of Reviews 42 : [transcription, Adolf Nichtenhauser papers, MS C ; box 8, folder 4; National Library of Medicine]. Edison clearly had an inventor's civic responsibility essay investor's interest in promoting motion pictures, but his enthusiasm for his invention was widely shared.
Film was almost universally regarded as an exemplary technology of modernity, a medium destined to transform society. In the early decades of the 20th century, military and civilian officials, educators, leaders of philanthropic organizations, civic responsibility essay commercial companies like Pathé Frères and Eastman Kodak, all began making and exploring the uses of film to instruct the public and shape public opinion. Public health advocates and professionals - who had ambitious agendas of their own - were especially charmed, deeply impressed by cinema's sway over mass audiences, civic responsibility essay.
The first public health film, on the "life drama of the fly," was made in Great Britain in as part of a national anti-fly campaign. Other productions followed, in Britain, Germany, civic responsibility essay, the United States, France, and, later, Italy and the Soviet Union, on the health hazards of alcoholism, water and food contamination, and other topics. After this initial wave of filmmaking, some public health professionals began to temper their enthusiasm, perhaps influenced by a larger post-war disillusionment that was setting in, civic responsibility essay.
Evart G. Routzahn and Mary Swain Routzahn, civic responsibility essay, pioneering public health media specialists for the progressive Russell Sage Foundation, were skeptical about the effectiveness of the films that had been made.
It is unreasonable to expect results merely because people like motion pictures. According to most historians, in the 19th century and first three decades of the 20th, the United States was a civic responsibility essay and fragmented nation-state, hobbled by divided sovereignty, laissez-faire ideology, and low tax revenues, unable to cope with the new conditions of industrial modernity and the rise civic responsibility essay great cities.
That assessment is largely derived from the writings of the era's progressive reformers. From the s to the s, public health advocates, political and social activists, and geopolitical strategists saw themselves as civic responsibility essay critics, reformers and nation-builders. Their shared ideal was of a centralized American state with a capable and effective infrastructure that married the force, legitimacy, and resources of the nation to the progressive advance of science.
Only vigilant and thoroughly modern bureaucracies, under the stewardship of scientifically civic responsibility essay officials and their academic and philanthropic allies, could study, prevent, and eradicate social and medical pathologies.
The health progressives had some successes, civic responsibility essay. Between andpublic health bureaucracies took root in state and city governments, and national non-profit health advocacy organizations flourished.
World War I especially spurred the expansion of the federal government's role in public health, and public health film production, in the name of the war effort, civic responsibility essay. After the war, many of the programs introduced during the war were discontinued, in an effort to reduce expenditures to pre-war levels.
During the s, the United States Public Health Service had no budget for film production, though some health films were produced by the Department of Agriculture and the Children's Bureau of the U, civic responsibility essay.
Department of Labor, civic responsibility essay. In those years, the most dynamic area of public health activity took place in some of the more progressive states especially in New York and Wisconsinphilanthropic and advocacy organizations like the National Tuberculosis Association, and quasi-governmental organizations like the American Social Hygiene Association, although by the late s these were hampered by the Great Depression and the overall contraction of the U, civic responsibility essay.
With the landslide election of Franklin Roosevelt inthere came a new burst of activity on the federal level. The New Deal agenda called for an enlarged, progressive federal government; the federal government began increasing its support for public health bureaus and activities, and many state governments followed suit.
The onset of World War II along with the return of economic prosperity, increased tax revenues and greater tolerance for budget deficits spurred an even greater expansion of public health bureaus and programs, military and civilian.
This was predicated on a rising tide of popular support for government programs, including those related to public health. Public health programs, in turn, were designed to foster, civic responsibility essay, mobilize and consolidate popular support, as well as fight disease. In the s and '40s, the American public was served an intoxicating brew of rationalism, professionalism and democratic ideology.
A patriotic belief in activist democracy became fused with faith in the power of science and technology, civic responsibility essay. For progressive reformers, a key part of the agenda was to create and nurture an "enlightened" or "intelligent" citizenry.
For an influential discussion, see John Dewey, civic responsibility essay, Democracy and Education New York, Public Health Service public relations experts Elizabeth G. Pritchard, Joseph Hirsh, and Margaret T. Prince, in civic responsibility essay typical formulation of the late New Deal period, argued that civic responsibility essay citizenship" was "a prerequisite for the full enjoyment of our democratic privileges":.
Armed with the facts, the public would demand action. Governmental efforts to inform the public and mobilize public support, civic responsibility essay, and the increasing pace of scientific discovery and technological invention, would in turn lead to an increased role for science in an expanding and increasingly effective government.
An informed and activist citizenry, led by a cadre of trained professionals in possession of the latest scientific advances, would remake society. Neglected or intractable problems would finally be remedied through "the rapid advance of scientific medicine, improvements in public health and medical practice, the increased speed with which new and better measures for the prevention and cure of diseases are applied, and a growing acceptance and employment of the knowledge and skills of other professions both by public health and medicine":.
For health officials and advocates, mobilization was crucial -- and education and technology were the keys to mobilization.
The health of the public could only be secured by an informed and aroused populace working energetically and collectively to prevent the contamination of the water and food supply, accidents, and the spread of disease-bearing micro-organisms and insects. And among all the technologies of mobilization, the motion picture was seen as the most modern and most powerful.
The New Deal-inspired revival of enthusiasm for activist progressive government shifted the locus of health education and propaganda from private philanthropies and commercial companies to the public sector. Public health officials renewed their efforts, producing and distributing short motion pictures for use in civic responsibility essay with other public health campaign components: posters, pamphlets, lectures, glass slide shows, exhibitions and displays, magazine advertisements and articles, radio programs and announcements.
Many of these productions showed an increasing sophistication in the use of media. But film was not a central civic responsibility essay of the campaigns: motion pictures required an infrastructure of film projectors civic responsibility essay schools, community centers or "health-mobiles".
They were also costly to produce and required special expertise. Most public health films still suffered from poor production values, bad acting, and amateurish scripts, civic responsibility essay. With the onset of World War II, federal, state, and local government greatly expanded in size and scope, along with the American economy, civic responsibility essay, and so did expenditures on public health.
The long sought-after dream of a powerful and effective national government, guided by scientifically trained professionals -- the public health holy grail -- seemed finally at hand.
Media specialists, filmmakers, actors, writers and professional experts were inducted into the military or civilian government, or granted government contracts. Projects long deferred or starved for money suddenly got funding, if they could be justified in the name of the war effort: in the last few years of the war, the U.
This dollar figure is for all films produced for "visual education", not just health films. And with this increased funding, public health advocates were able to make more films and better films -- more competently scripted, edited, acted, and photographed -- and better equipped to make use of sound.
The invention of synchronized sound motion pictures in made film more than just a visually kinetic medium: the motion picture became a hybrid of the visual and the aural. During the s filmmakers in Hollywood and elsewhere created and explored new ways to juxtapose sound and images.
The addition of sound made film viewing into a more powerful experience. Sound film, it was believed, could better educate and motivate film audiences, orchestrate their emotions, and shape their views.
Public civic responsibility essay professionals began to enthuse anew about the potential uses of motion pictures, civic responsibility essay. However, the transition from silent pictures to sound did not occur instantaneously or evenly or as fast as it did in Hollywood. In the civic responsibility essay, while some medical and public health motion pictures did employ sound, many did not: producers lacked the budgets, skills and equipment to make sound films.
Silent medical films continued to be produced throughout the '30s and '40s. In the s, public health sound cinema came into its own.
It acquired a mass audience of military men and women more than 12,schoolchildren, theatergoers, and community groups. It got larger budgets, in some cases well-known actors, producers, directors, and animators.
And it got a starring role in public health campaigns which were more elaborately planned and coordinated than ever before. During the World War II-era, many of the techniques developed in Hollywood entertainment films over the previous decade -- polished edits, orchestral musical backgrounds, exciting storylines, civic responsibility essay, snappy patter -- came to be used to build audience support and participation for public health programs and mobilizations.
Budgets were still generally small -- many films consisted of little more than edited footage sometimes with older footage or stock footage mixed inwith a voiceover and maybe a canned score -- but some were more ambitious, the public health equivalent of a top-line, "A" movie.
The most elaborate were those produced by the United States Armed Forces. Even before the Civic responsibility essay. entered the war, in and '41, there was an upsurge in military spending and an increase in military-funded training films. The War Department took over the Astoria Studios in New York and the Army Air Force took over the Hal Roach Studio in Culver City, California. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, inDarryl F. Zanuck, the head of Twentieth-Century Fox, was commissioned as an officer in the U.
Army Signal Corps, and began supervising production of training films. Inwith the U, civic responsibility essay. fully engaged in the war against the Axis powers, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed an executive order creating an Office of War Information. The OWI's mission was to use behavioral psychology and other social sciences what was termed "social engineering" to study how the U. government could best use newspapers and magazine articles, radio, motion pictures, comic strips, and anything else, civic responsibility essay, to educate and mobilize the public on behalf of the war effort.
The same year the U. Army established an Information and Education Division, led by Brigadier General Frederick H. Osborn before the war, a prominent member of the Social Science Research Council. Osborn founded a filmmaking unit, headed by civic responsibility essay celebrated Hollywood director Frank Capra. Capra in turn established an animation unit headed by Theodore Geisel "Dr. Seuss" and staffed by a roster of distinguished animators from Warner Brothers and other top studios, John Hubley, Friz Freleng, Chuck Jones, Bob Clampett, civic responsibility essay, Frank Tashlin, Zack Schwartz, David Hilberman and many others.
The Duties and Responsibilities of Citizens
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Cheap essay writing sercice. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay Help is the right place to get it. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us Civil Religion in America by Robert N. Bellah Acknowledgement: Reprinted by permission of Dædalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, from the issue entitled, "Religion in America," Winter , Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. Jan 31, · Public Health And War We commend to you that marvel of all ages - the greatest device that came from man's ingenuity - the cinema - the long sought visual-form of communication-the perfect form for teaching and the only qualitative gain to communication since the alphabet was evolved
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